{"id":375489,"date":"2025-10-18T08:30:12","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T08:30:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afrikmag.com\/var\/www\/vhosts\/afrikmag.compublic_html\/?p=375489"},"modified":"2025-10-18T08:30:12","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T08:30:12","slug":"wetware-des-scientifiques-utilisent-des-mini-cerveaux-humains-pour-alimenter-des-ordinateurs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afrikmag.com\/var\/www\/vhosts\/afrikmag.compublic_html\/wetware-des-scientifiques-utilisent-des-mini-cerveaux-humains-pour-alimenter-des-ordinateurs\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab Wetware \u00bb : des scientifiques utilisent des mini-cerveaux humains pour alimenter des ordinateurs"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dans un laboratoire silencieux de Vevey, en Suisse, les scientifiques de la start-up FinalSpark maintiennent en vie de minuscules amas de cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales humaines,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>non pas pour la recherche m\u00e9dicale, mais pour les utiliser comme processeurs informatiques rudimentaires. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ces cellules, appel\u00e9es organo\u00efdes, doivent \u00eatre constamment aliment\u00e9es par une solution riche en nutriments pour maintenir leur fonction. Contrairement aux puces de silicium, une fois mortes, elles ne peuvent pas \u00eatre r\u00e9activ\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce nouveau domaine\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>appel\u00e9 bio-informatique ou \u00ab\u00a0wetware\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cherche \u00e0 exploiter l’extraordinaire potentiel de traitement des neurones biologiques. Fred Jordan, cofondateur de FinalSpark, estime que cette technologie pourrait un jour remplacer les processeurs traditionnels qui propulsent la r\u00e9volution de l’intelligence artificielle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab Au lieu d’essayer d’imiter, utilisons la vraie chose \u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Jordan \u00e0 l’AFP lors d’une visite des installations de l’entreprise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les superordinateurs actuels simulent le cerveau humain gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des semi-conducteurs en silicium, mais Jordan affirme que les neurones r\u00e9els sont largement sup\u00e9rieurs\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Les neurones biologiques sont un million de fois plus \u00e9conomes en \u00e9nergie que les neurones artificiels.\u00a0\u00bb Il a ajout\u00e9 que les cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales vivantes peuvent \u00eatre reproduites \u00e0 l’infini en laboratoire\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>contrairement aux puces d’IA co\u00fbteuses et limit\u00e9es produites par des entreprises comme Nvidia.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La bio-informatique pourrait \u00e9galement contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique croissante des syst\u00e8mes d’IA, qui menace les objectifs climatiques mondiaux et pousse certains g\u00e9ants de la technologie \u00e0 envisager l’\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire. Pourtant, Jordan admet que le wetware est \u00ab tr\u00e8s loin de concurrencer \u00bb le mat\u00e9riel moderne.\"\u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Cela n\u2019a pas emp\u00each\u00e9 les chercheurs de se demander\u00a0<\/span><\/span>si\u00a0<\/span><\/span>ces minuscules cerveaux pourraient un jour devenir conscients.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour cr\u00e9er ses bioprocesseurs, FinalSpark utilise des cellules souches humaines\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>initialement des cellules cutan\u00e9es provenant de donneurs anonymes\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>qui sont reprogramm\u00e9es en neurones. Celles-ci sont ensuite regroup\u00e9es en amas microscopiques, chacun d’un millim\u00e8tre de large seulement, formant ce que Jordan d\u00e9crit comme \u00ab la taille du cerveau d’une larve de drosophile \u00bb. Des \u00e9lectrodes sont fix\u00e9es \u00e0 chaque organo\u00efde, permettant aux scientifiques d’enregistrer l’activit\u00e9 neuronale et d’envoyer de faibles impulsions \u00e9lectriques. Une pointe d’activit\u00e9 ou un silence, explique Jordan, repr\u00e9sente l’\u00e9quivalent d’un un ou d’un z\u00e9ro en informatique num\u00e9rique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n

Une dizaine d’universit\u00e9s \u00e0 travers le monde exp\u00e9rimentent les organo\u00efdes de FinalSpark, et l’entreprise diffuse m\u00eame leur activit\u00e9 neuronale sur son site Web.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Bristol, le chercheur Benjamin Ward-Cherrier a utilis\u00e9 un organo\u00efde pour contr\u00f4ler un petit robot capable de distinguer les lettres braille. \u00ab\u00a0Travailler avec des robots est tr\u00e8s facile en comparaison\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il plaisant\u00e9. \u00ab\u00a0Il y a aussi le fait que ce sont des cellules vivantes\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>ce qui signifie qu’elles meurent. \u00bb Il se souvient d’une exp\u00e9rience qui a d\u00fb \u00eatre relanc\u00e9e apr\u00e8s la mort de l’organo\u00efde \u00e0 mi-parcours. FinalSpark affirme que les organo\u00efdes peuvent survivre jusqu’\u00e0 six mois.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, Lena Smirnova, de l’Universit\u00e9 Johns Hopkins, utilise des organo\u00efdes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux similaires pour \u00e9tudier des maladies comme l’autisme et la maladie d’Alzheimer, affirmant que cette technologie pourrait contribuer \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte de nouveaux traitements. Si elle qualifie la bio-informatique de \u00ab utopie \u00bb pour l’instant, elle estime que son potentiel \u00ab pourrait \u00e9voluer radicalement au cours des 20 prochaines ann\u00e9es \u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quant \u00e0 la possibilit\u00e9 que les organo\u00efdes puissent un jour d\u00e9velopper une conscience, tous les scientifiques interrog\u00e9s ont rejet\u00e9 cette id\u00e9e. Jordan a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab C’est \u00e0 la limite de la philosophie \u00bb, soulignant que FinalSpark collabore avec des \u00e9thiciens pour garantir une recherche responsable. Les organo\u00efdes, a-t-il ajout\u00e9, \u00ab ont environ 10 000 neurones, contre 100 milliards pour un cerveau humain \u00bb, et aucun r\u00e9cepteur de la douleur.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Cependant, les myst\u00e8res de la fa\u00e7on dont le cerveau produit la pens\u00e9e et la conscience restent non r\u00e9solus\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>et pour Jordan et d\u2019autres, cela fait partie de l\u2019attrait.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De retour au laboratoire, il ouvre la porte d’un incubateur abritant 16 organo\u00efdes, chacun reli\u00e9 par un labyrinthe de tubes. Ce faisant, l’\u00e9cran \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 s’illumine soudainement, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant des pics d’activit\u00e9 neuronale. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne intrigue son \u00e9quipe depuis des ann\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous ne comprenons toujours pas comment ils d\u00e9tectent l\u2019ouverture de la porte \u00bb, a admis Jordan.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dans un laboratoire silencieux de Vevey, en Suisse, les scientifiques de la start-up FinalSpark maintiennent en vie de minuscules amas de cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales humaines,\u00a0non pas pour la recherche m\u00e9dicale, mais pour les utiliser comme processeurs informatiques rudimentaires. Ces cellules, appel\u00e9es organo\u00efdes, doivent \u00eatre constamment aliment\u00e9es par une solution riche en nutriments pour maintenir leur fonction. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":375490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[189118,7020],"tags":[202570,9803,202569,1987,202571],"class_list":["post-375489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-societe","tag-bioprocesseurs","tag-informatique","tag-mini-cerveaux","tag-scientifiques","tag-wetware"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00ab Wetware \u00bb : des scientifiques utilisent des mini-cerveaux humains pour alimenter des ordinateurs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dans un laboratoire silencieux de Vevey, en Suisse, les scientifiques de la start-up FinalSpark maintiennent en vie de minuscules amas de cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales 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screen showing human brain cells is photographed at the Swiss start-up FinalSpark in Vevey, on October 3, 2025. Inside a lab in the picturesque Swiss city of Vevey, a scientist feeds tiny clumps of human brain cells the nutrient-rich fluid they need to stay alive. This new field of research, called biocomputing or \"wetware\", aims to harness the evolutionarily honed -- yet still mysterious -- computing power of the human brain. 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