{"id":304849,"date":"2021-11-30T20:35:23","date_gmt":"2021-11-30T20:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afrikmag.com\/var\/www\/vhosts\/afrikmag.compublic_html\/?p=304849"},"modified":"2021-11-30T20:35:36","modified_gmt":"2021-11-30T20:35:36","slug":"les-scientifiques-developpent-des-robots-vivants-capables-de-se-reproduire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afrikmag.com\/var\/www\/vhosts\/afrikmag.compublic_html\/les-scientifiques-developpent-des-robots-vivants-capables-de-se-reproduire\/","title":{"rendered":"Les scientifiques d\u00e9veloppent des \u00abrobots vivants\u00bb capables de se reproduire"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Les x\u00e9nobots ou les premiers robots vivants peuvent d\u00e9sormais se reproduire sous une forme de reproduction biologique r\u00e9cemment d\u00e9couverte.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des scientifiques de l’Universit\u00e9 du Vermont, de l’Universit\u00e9 Tufts et du Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering de l’Universit\u00e9 Harvard ont d\u00e9couvert une toute nouvelle forme de reproduction biologique et ont appliqu\u00e9 leur d\u00e9couverte pour cr\u00e9er les tout premiers robots vivants auto-r\u00e9pliquant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les scientifiques des \u00c9tats-Unis qui ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 les premiers robots vivants connus sous le nom de xenobots disent que les formes de vie peuvent d\u00e9sormais se reproduire \u2013 et d’une mani\u00e8re totalement diff\u00e9rente des plantes et des animaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les x\u00e9nobots sont form\u00e9s \u00e0 partir des cellules souches de la grenouille africaine \u00e0 griffes (Xenopus laevis) dont elle tire son nom, et mesurent moins d’un millim\u00e8tre de large.  Les minuscules cellules ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9voil\u00e9es pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 2020 apr\u00e8s que des exp\u00e9riences ont montr\u00e9 qu’elles pouvaient se d\u00e9placer, travailler ensemble en groupe et s’auto-gu\u00e9rir.  Maintenant, les scientifiques qui les ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir d\u00e9couvert une toute nouvelle forme de reproduction biologique diff\u00e9rente de tout animal ou plante connu de la science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab J’en ai \u00e9t\u00e9 stup\u00e9fait<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Michael Levin, professeur de biologie et directeur du Allen Discovery Center de l’Universit\u00e9 Tufts, co-auteur principal de la recherche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Les grenouilles ont un moyen de se reproduire qu’elles utilisent normalement, mais lorsque vous \u2026 lib\u00e9rez (les cellules) du reste de l’embryon et que vous leur donnez une chance de comprendre comment \u00eatre dans un nouvel environnement, non seulement elles pensent  une nouvelle fa\u00e7on de se d\u00e9placer, mais elles d\u00e9couvrent aussi apparemment une nouvelle fa\u00e7on de se reproduire.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les scientifiques disent que les x\u00e9nobots parents en forme de C (ou en forme de haricot) collectent et compressent les cellules souches molles en tas qui peuvent devenir une prog\u00e9niture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les cellules souches sont des cellules non sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es qui ont la capacit\u00e9 de se d\u00e9velopper en diff\u00e9rents types de cellules.  Pour fabriquer les x\u00e9nobots, les chercheurs ont gratt\u00e9 des cellules souches vivantes d’embryons de grenouilles et les ont laiss\u00e9es incuber.  Il n’y a aucune manipulation des g\u00e8nes impliqu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Josh Bongard, expert en robotique \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 du Vermont et auteur principal de l’\u00e9tude a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir d\u00e9couvert que les x\u00e9nobots, constitu\u00e9s d’environ 3 000 cellules, pouvaient se r\u00e9pliquer.\u00a0\u00a0Mais cela arrivait rarement et seulement dans des circonstances sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les x\u00e9nobots ont utilis\u00e9 la \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9plication cin\u00e9tique\u00a0\u00bb <\/em>– un processus connu pour se produire au niveau mol\u00e9culaire mais qui n’a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 auparavant \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle de cellules ou d’organismes entiers, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Bongard. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

LIRE AUSSI: Les hommes pourraient \u00eatre bient\u00f4t remplac\u00e9s par ces nouveaux robots au lit<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avec l’aide de l’intelligence artificielle, les chercheurs ont ensuite test\u00e9 des milliards de formes corporelles pour rendre les x\u00e9nobots plus efficaces dans ce type de r\u00e9plication.  Les chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert qu’il \u00e9tait capable de trouver de minuscules cellules souches dans une bo\u00eete de P\u00e9tri, d’en rassembler des centaines dans sa bouche, et quelques jours plus tard, le paquet de cellules est devenu de nouveaux x\u00e9nobots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le parent fait ensuite tourner une grosse boule de cellules souches qui m\u00fbrit en un nouveau x\u00e9nobot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab L’IA n’a pas programm\u00e9 ces machines de la mani\u00e8re dont nous pensons habituellement pour \u00e9crire du code. Elle a fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 et sculpt\u00e9 et a cr\u00e9\u00e9 cette forme Pac-Man\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Bongard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab La forme est, par essence, le programme. La forme influence le comportement des x\u00e9nobots pour amplifier ce processus incroyablement surprenant.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les x\u00e9nobots sont une technologie tr\u00e8s ancienne — pensez \u00e0 un ordinateur des ann\u00e9es 40 — et n’ont pas encore d’applications pratiques.  Cependant, cette combinaison de biologie mol\u00e9culaire et d’intelligence artificielle pourrait potentiellement \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e dans une multitude de t\u00e2ches dans le corps et l’environnement, selon les chercheurs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cela peut inclure des choses comme la collecte de microplastiques dans les oc\u00e9ans, l’inspection des syst\u00e8mes racinaires et la m\u00e9decine r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 La recherche a \u00e9t\u00e9 partiellement financ\u00e9e par la Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, une agence f\u00e9d\u00e9rale am\u00e9ricaine qui supervise le d\u00e9veloppement de technologies \u00e0 usage militaire et l’\u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e dans la revue scientifique du comit\u00e9 de lecture PNAS le lundi 29 novembre.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les x\u00e9nobots ou les premiers robots vivants peuvent d\u00e9sormais se reproduire sous une forme de reproduction biologique r\u00e9cemment d\u00e9couverte. Des scientifiques de l’Universit\u00e9 du Vermont, de l’Universit\u00e9 Tufts et du Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering de l’Universit\u00e9 Harvard ont d\u00e9couvert une toute nouvelle forme de reproduction biologique et ont appliqu\u00e9 leur d\u00e9couverte pour cr\u00e9er …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":304916,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[189118,7220],"tags":[11309,1987],"class_list":["post-304849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-science","tag-robots","tag-scientifiques"],"yoast_head":"\nLes scientifiques ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des \u00abrobots vivants\u00bb qui se reproduisent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les scientifiques disent que les x\u00e9nobots parents collectent les cellules souches molles en tas qui peuvent devenir une 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